I would imagine this is laid out somewhere but I cant find it.
What I am looking for is the ability to chose a motor, battery and esc combo wisely and with some forethought.
From what I see I want a good relationship of rpm to power, and enough current without over kill to run it.
I am thinking I want the highest watt I can get in relationship to the rpms I need, with the Max current deciding the battery? So a 37,000 rpm 410 watt 56 Max current motor would only need a 60c lipo, with the Mah determing how long the battery will last?

In most cases, it's best to see what others run in similar cars and choose what fits your needs. You can tweak others' ideas using the terms you listed so I'll try to explain them as best I can.

Watts: generally not important as it changes constantly due to varying voltages and impedance of the motors RPM changes.

kV: Number of RPMs of a motor per volt applied. A 4000 kV motor will turn 4000 RPMs @ 1 volt, 8000 RPM @ 2 volts, 12000 RPM @ 3volts, etc... Also, generally the lower the turns the more torque a motor will have.

C rating is dependent on the capacity of the battery(mAh). A 60c 1000 mAh battery will yield a 60a source, as will a 30c 2000 mAh battery. To determine the amp draw that a battery can sustain use the formula: (Cr*Cap)/1000; where [Cr] is the battery C rating and [Cap] is the capacity of the battery in mAh.

MAh is, as you correctly determined, the capacity of the battery and will give you an idea of how long a battery will run.

Finally, amperage (amps) is determined solely by the motor since it is the load in the circuit. Whatever the max current draw, measured in amps, of the motor will determine the ESC and battery you will need. In your give case of a 56a motor, a 60 amp ESC and a 20c 5000 mAh battery will be sufficient. When trying to choose an ESC for a motor ALWAYS GO WITH AN ESC THAT HAS A HIGHER AMP RATING THAT THE MOTOR!

Again, the most useful tool to use is the other members and what they run in their cars. If you still want to experiment or tweak their ideas, this info should point you in the right direction.

This kind of talk of "C" ratting would be useful if there were an industry standard... There is none.

I look at setups from an overall vew of my needs.
1/18th, 1/10th or 1/8th scale?
Hot wind high KV motor or soft low KV motor?
Low grip or high grip track?

Buy the best batteries you can afford, but don't buy into the hype of the overpriced ones... (Catch 22 isn't it)

Battery weight tends to go up as the mAh & "C" ratting goes up.
on average 300grams is fairly normal I have seen up to 330g for a 6000mAh pack. Weight is some times a concern.

Just shooting from the hip,
1/10th scale 120amp pack minimum
1/8th scale 150-170amp pack minimum

The mAh of the pack will be dependant on setup & driving style.
Todays batteries are a lot more powerful compaired to those of even a couple years ago.
Some of the fastes guys I've seen drive junk & run clean.

I've done some datalogging over the years & there is some options you can take when it comes to the larger scales (1/8th Buggy & Truggy), but most standard setups for 1/10th scale are sufficent.